Only Alberta First Nation left under long-term boil water advisory to break ground on treatment plant

When Kehewin Cree Nation Coun.Ben Badger travels off hiseastern Alberta community with his family, no matter where they go, he says his children always ask him if they can drink the water.

"My kids just innately, instinctively react: 'Dad, can I drink this water?'" said Badger, whose reserve, according to the federal government, has been under a boil-water advisory for the past nine years."Children from our community have to ask, when they leave reserve: 'Is it safe to drink this water?'

"In Edmonton, you take it for granted that you have some good water you candrink. But the reality in some of our communities is...it just doesn't exist."

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But all that could change for the KehewinCree Nation, with an estimated1,400 people living in 330homes on the reserve. The communitylocated about 230 km northeast of Edmonton is breaking ground Monday on a long-awaited new water treatment plant.

"I think for us, having clean drinking water, if and when it happens, will be a huge celebration," said Badger.

Badger said the plant itself is expected to cost an estimated $14 million, with an additional $5 million going toward a transmission line.

Indigenous Services Canada (ISC)expects Kehewin's long-term drinking water advisory will be lifted by March 2020.

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Contaminated source water, outdated plant

Now in his mid-30s, Badgercan't remember a time whenKehewinCree Nation wasn't under a boil-water advisory.

"I always was aware that we weren't able to drink our water," he said, reflecting on the warnings he saw posted around his community when he was a teenager. "We'd be playing basketball, we had like this really makeshift net down in thetownsite, and everybody wanted to play, but we couldn't play because we didn't have enough water."

The community's issues are two-fold, Badger explained.

Its source water, Kehewin(Long) Lake, is contaminated by the activities going on around it, he said.

"We have industry. We have agriculture. We have ranching," he said. "All that activity drains into the drainage points, which is our water source."

Secondly, the outdatedwater system in place since the 1970sis compromised by the blue-green algae that's lingering in the lake, Badger said.

Health Canada lifts the advisory from time to time, if the water quality meets certain targets, but Badger said the advisory then "immediately goes back on."

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Nicholas Ashbolt, a professor with the School of Public Health at the University of Alberta, said pathogens living in untreated water can have varying effects on the people drinking them.

Toxins in the water from blue-green algae, for example, can't be boiled out. If water with the toxins is consumed, it can damage the liver. Smaller animals and cattle can die from ingesting too much of the toxins.

Bacteria that causee. Colior Legionnaires' disease may exist in untreated water, both of which can be lethal.

Bacteria that causestomach ulcers are also found in untreated water. Those stomach ulcers can lead to forms of cancer, but the science is still out on whether communities in Canadaare seeing the effects of it, though studies from South America have shown contaminated water to be a factor.

"It's unclear if it's a significant contribution of the Helicobacter pylori in these remote rural communities," Ashbolt said.

There's comfort in ignorance of the potential dangers, Badger said.

"My fear, what I know to be true, but it's hard to say, is that people are drinking it," Badger said.

Politics and promises

During the 2015 federal election campaign, theLiberalspromised to get rid of boil-water advisories on reserves across the country.

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The party cruised to victory and took office in November 2015.

"For me, I was obviously excited because I thought, 'Well, this is awesome. We can drink in ourcommunity,' " said Badger, who, two months earlier, had been elected to serve his own people.

They set a timeline with a construction completion timeline and told members to expect the boil-water advisory to be bone within two years.

Four years later, there is still no plantand no clear reason for the delay, Badger said.

Four years in the making

Badger, attentive to the project, said he became curious as it began to unfold, about whether the best technology was being considered.

He said the nation felt pressure from federal bureaucrats to feed into the same regional water systemthat services the Frog Lake First Nation, which had itslong-term boil water advisory lifted in 2016.

"There has been interruptions from the department to use that paternalistic approach that they still know what's best for us," Badger said.

ISCsaid discussions between them and the nation included a discussion about latching onto the regional water system, but the nation ultimately decided to build a standalone water system.

Frog Lake's latest long-term boil water advisory started in February 2016. It was lifted in November 2017. Lawrence Quinney has only worked at Frog Lake's water plant for a couple of weeks but said clean water is essential for the community.

"It just means that it keeps the people healthy," Quinney said.

Despite Frog Lake's efforts to have drinkable water, Quinney said most people, including him, are still drinking only bottled water.

"It's hard for somebody to trust something after you've lost that trust," he said.

The Indigenous Services Canada website indicates the Kehewin project is in the design phase.Badger said the design has been completed for at least three years.

It's hard for somebody to trust something after you've lost that trust.- Lawrence Quinney, Frog Lake resident

72 other communities under advisories

Accordingto theIndigenous Services Canada website, there are still 72 other communities across the country under long-term boil water advisories.

The website says that since 2015, 67advisories have been lifted with federally-supportedwater systems.

Ashboltsaid cleanwater for drinking and washing useis essential for positive health outcomes for all communities, not just First Nations. "Washing the body and clothes is essential as part of the health solutions of these communities," he said.

"Clean water is fundamental."

kyle.muzyka@cbc.ca

roberta.bell@cbc.ca