Canadian researcher to lead largest known study on transgender athletes

A Canadian-born researcher is helping to launch the first substantial study of transgender athletes in a bid to better understand how transitioningand hormone therapy affects athletic performance.

The issue of how to include transgender women in competition is centred around rules, rights andbiological differences.

And the debate about what constitutes an unfair advantage is heated, which is why medical physicist Joanna Harper hopes science can steer the conversation.

"Until we have several of these larger-scale studies done worldwide, it's hard to be truly definitive on anything," she said.

Harper, who is alsoan adviser to the International Olympic Committee (IOC), will be moving to the U.K. this fall to help lead theresearch into transgender athletes. The work will be carried out at Loughborough University, through its School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences.

Personal motivation

It was Harper's own experience that motivated her to try and track transgender athletes both before and aftera gender transition.

Harper, who is originally from Parry Sound, Ont, but is now based in Portland, Ore., has been a competitive runner for decades.When she was younger and racing as a male, her marathon time was a very quick twohours and 23 minutes.But once she started her transition in 2004 and began taking testosterone blockers and estrogen, her pace slowed.

"Within nine months of hormone therapy, I was running 12 per cent slower," she said. "That's the difference between serious male distance runners and serious female distance runners."

Harper, now in her 60s, still competes,racingalongside women. She wins some eventsand loses others, which is why she asserts that if trans women can become hormonally like other women, competition can be "equitable and meaningful."

The difference between male and female testosterone levels can vary widely. Harper says men's levels can range from eightnanomoles per litreto around 30, while most women have levels that are less than three.

Testosterone limits

What hasbecome contentious is how to treat athletes whose levels falloutside the averagerange. Previously, the IOC demanded that transgender athletes complete surgery before competing in the Olympics and other international events, but those guidelineschanged in 2016.

While there are no restrictions for athleteswho transition to men, athletes who transition to women are required to keep their testosterone below a certain level for at least a year before being eligible to compete.

The current limit set by the IOC is 10 nmol/L, but that is expected to be cut to five the level the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF)hasimposed.

That rule is being challenged by star South African runner Caster Semenya, who is not transgenderbut rather was born with an intersex condition, meaning that her anatomy doesn't fall neatly into the traditional buckets of male or female.As a result, shehas much higherlevels of natural testosterone.

An openly declared transgender athlete has never competed in the Olympics, even though it has been permitted since 2004. Thereare several hopefuls vying for a spot at the 2020 Summer Games, which will be held in Tokyo, but none are considered a sure bet for an Olympic spot.

'We're just scratching the surface'

There has been limited research in this area. Harper conducted a small study, published in the Journal of Sporting Cultures and Identities in 2015, which analyzed the race times of eighttransgender femalerunners, both before and after transition.

Collectively, it found that the eight runners had much slower race times after transitioning from male to female, even after adjustments were made to compensate for the change in physical ability that normally occurs due toage. The findings were limited, however, because no actual testing was done and Harper relied on the athletes' published race times.

For her new study, she will be following between 10 and20 transgender athletes andworking with a few gender clinics in England.

Of particular interest is how a gender transition,involvingtestosterone blockers and estrogen,affects muscles and the cardiovascular system. It appears trans women go from having the cardiovascular capabilities of man to that of a woman, Harper says, but muscular changes aren't as complete and likely end up somewhere in between.

"It's clear that there are enormous changes," she said. "It's aboutnailing down precisely what happens."

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Dr. StphaneBermon,the head of the IAAF'shealth and science departmentand a driving force behind its contentious testosterone regulations, said heissupportive of the research being undertaken by Harper.

"Research in the field of exercise physiology of transgender athletes is important and relatively urgent,"he said in an email to CBC News."We do not have enough data to fine tune eligibility of trans athletes in various sports."

Bermonalso said, however, thatmaintaining a level playing field is as important as inclusionand that can only be achieved with "more specific science and a better knowledge of the physiological effects of transitioning."

At the moment, Harper is tracking three different athletes, including Colorado-based road racer Jillian Bearden.

At a sports lab in Colorado Springs, Bearden pedalledfiercely on a stationary bike as the resistance level wasraised at timed intervals. During one test, she worea breathing mask tomeasureher oxygen intake. Her finger was pricked periodicallyand blood was taken to measure lactate levels.

In many ways, she is the ideal subject;she had one of these tests done before she started transitioning in 2014, so there is baseline data that shows her level of power is down more than 11 per cent.

By giving scientists access to her results, Bearden hopes it will make it easier for transgender athletes to compete in the future. She says it also creates a safer space for her as an athlete, because it proves to her competitors that she is what she describes as "legit" far below the testosterone limits.

"There are no questions that when I am on that podium, I am there because of any other reason [other] than I am an athlete and I train my ass off every single day," Bearden said.

While Bearden believes trans athletes need to abide by the current rules, it is a vehemently divisive issue among those in the trans community and the broader public.

Heated debate

Rachel McKinnon, a track cyclist originally from Victoria, found herself at the centre of a political firestorm last fall after she won a world championship race in her age group.

The amount of backlash she received online was so overwhelming, she said, sheneeded to appoint four people to handle the negative comments on her Twitter feed.

In the past, she posted her test results online because she wanted the public to know her testosterone level was nearly negligiblefarbelow the limits set out for racers.

But she doesn't believe the hormone is a good metric for deciding who is eligible to race in which category,adding that transgender athletes shouldn't be required to take hormone therapy.

"No physical policy will ever work," she said."They should respect an athlete's legally recognized sex or gender."

The politics of coming up with a policy

TheCanadian Centre for Ethics in Sporttakes a similar position in the guidelines ithasissued, suggestingsports organizations allow athletes to compete in the gender in whichthey identify, arguing testosterone isn't a reliable predictor of competitive advantage.

The issue is not only being discussed by varioussporting organizations, but alsoby high schooland university groups.

President of Athletics AlbertaLinda Blade saysofficials are struggling to figure out how to include transgender women in competition without putting other women at a disadvantage.

She believes there should be a separate, open category, pointing out that some sports already have stratified divisions to reflect physical differences,like boxing, where there is a separate category for flyweights and heavyweights.

"If a person has gone through puberty with a full set of testosterone levels that make them taller, and their lungs bigger, and their muscles bigger they have just an incredible advantage," she said.

Joanna Harper insists that is often not the case. While it is true that men who transition to women won't lose their height, she said, that is not necessarily an advantage across all sports.

In gymnastics, where Olympic-calibre athletes are petite, Harper says trans women would be at a disadvantage.

She acknowledges it's a much different scenario instrength-based sports, like powerlifting, which is why she thinks it might be more equitable to have sport-specific rules instead of an across-the-board policy.

"You need to look at the particular abilities and biological characteristics that make one advantaged in the sport and make decisions based on that."