If you were surprised to hear about two black men arrested at Starbucks, you haven't been paying attention

A little over a week ago, two black men were arrested at a Starbucks in Philadelphia for doing what many of us have done at least once: sat down without ordering anything.

The men reportedly refused to leave after being denied use of the washroom because they hadn't bought anything. Yet many people pop in and out of Starbucks to use the washroom, and many people sit there without buying anything. And they don't get arrested for it.

Sometimes we're waiting for a blind date or a Tinder match to hopefully show up. Sometimes the line is too long (or often in my case, the baristas are too busy having a chat amongst themselves to take your order) so we wait for it to die down. Sometimes our business partner is running late. Sometimes it's really cold or wet outside and we need a respite. This is the environment that Starbucks has created for itself.

In fact, Starbucks prides itself on being the place to be: your office space away from home. It welcomes you to stay: it offers free Wi-Fi and places to charge your devices. It even takes up more of your time by asking its baristas to slow down and bring back that "handcrafted" feel.

Much of its brand is about thatrelaxing atmosphere; it aims to make its cafes an experience rather than just places to breeze in and out. It'sfocused on bringing people together, as its mission statement reads: "To inspire and nurture the human spirit one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time."

An insider's club

But Starbucks, for all its talk about togetherness, is very much a white, middle-class brand. It's found in gentrified areas. In comparison to other popular North American coffee companies, it's expensive and its menu can be difficult to understand (Venti non-fat, extra hot, no foam, 12 pumps of syrup caramel macchiato latte, please). Its brand philosophy is about being a socially ethical company.

For many people of colour in the U.S. who are disproportionately affected by poverty Starbucks is unattainable, at least on a daily basis. It's an insider's club at best, a strategic initiative geared towarddrawing in its preferred type of customer and keeping the others out.

Starbucks is not particularly unique in being a white and middle-class space: in fact, most public spaces can be characterized this way. Jane H. Hill explored this idea in her 1998 journal article "Language, Race, and Public Space," in which she describes the ways that people of colour are under constant, intense monitoring of their speech, of their presence, of their appearance while in white spaces.

The incident at Starbucksearlier this month was a testament to what happens when black bodies enter a white space. Immediately, the men were deemed suspicious for doing something that employees know dozens of people do at their store each day.

The neighbourhood where the men were arrested is Rittenhouse Square, one of the wealthiest areas of Philadelphia, where a large majority of inhabitants are white.

In other words: the men were most definitely in wealthy, white space. Their presence scared the manager. And what do we do when we're scared of someone? We call the police.

Skewed perceptions

Black people have always been viewed as inherently criminal, but that's especially true for black men, who have long been stereotyped as dangerous, violent and brutish. One black man is often enough to make someone nervous. Two makes people think something's about to go down.

We know fromvarious studies that people tend tosee a black man as larger and more threatening than a white man of the same stature. We also know that black men are overrepresented in carding and stop-and-frisks.

We know that those of minority groups are most likely to be thevictims of police brutality, and that police have even taken toshootingdead unarmed black men. We definitely know the role that stereotypes, racism and discrimination play in these issues.

Black and brown bodies, once they enter in white spaces, are often and immediately perceived as a threat to the perfectly established whiteness the normalness of the area. People experience fear because they're not supposed to be there; they're supposed to be in some far-away place closed into itself: the hood. The ghetto. Public housing. Somewhere where they are not a nuisance.

Fear of looking suspicious is why so many black people are careful when walking through these spaces. Parks. Sidewalks at night. Museums. The ballet. "Upscale" restaurants and bars. Coffee shops.

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