What to expect as Trudeau meets Biden, Lpez Obrador this week

The North American Leaders' Summit has grown larger and more formal since the original"Three Amigos" get-together then-U.S. president George W. Bush hosted in Texas in 2005.

As President Andrs Manuel Lpez Obrador hosts U.S. President Joe Bidenand Prime Minister Justin Trudeau onhome turfin Mexico City this week, the global threats these regional partners must confront have also grown.

NALS(rhymes with "gals") the acronymdiplomats and stakeholders use for this sometimes irregular but now revived and recurring meeting of regional alliesnow feels more businesslike than chummy. That's partly driven by the politics of the personalities at the table, but also because current challengesseem to require it.

"I wouldn't use Three Amigos anymore," saidCarlo Dade, the director of the trade and investment centre at the Canada West Foundation, who also specializes inLatin American policyand holds a membership inthe Mexican Council on Foreign Relations. "I think it's a subtle indication of a shift... a bit more formal, a bit more staid.

"You always had a sort of closeness to the relationship that was thrown off when [Donald] Trump came in," Dade said, referencing how the former U.S. presidentshunned this summitand frequently blamed Mexico for America'sproblems.

While Trump has been replaced by Biden, protectionist policies have stuck around in Washington. Lpez Obradorwas swept into office in 2018 on his ownwave of nationalism, and now needs to cement his legacy as the back half of his six-year term plays out.

"He's a Trumpian sort of populist," Dade said.

Domestic politics vs. global challenges

Even under warm Mexican skies, this January gathering of neighbours and business partners doesn't feelassunny as it used to be.

But if it's cooler and more calculated, is that a problem particularly for Canada and its heavily integrated economy?

"It's not about [warmth], it's about seriousness," said Amy Porges, a Washington-based trade lawyer who has watched trade files evolve over the decades since the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was implemented.

"Canada has always taken the United States more seriously than the U.S. takes Canada... [and] forLpez Obrador, domestic politics is everything."

Porgessaid thepopulistMexican president wants to reverse decisions made by his predecessors that integrate Mexico with the U.S. economy. Meanwhile, the U.S. needs Mexicanco-operation on supply chains.

"The competition with China is the No. 1 issue for the Biden administration at this point," she said.

In a briefing at the Wilson Centerin Washington, D.C., on Friday, Brian Nichols, the U.S. assistant secretary of state for Western Hemisphere affairs, suggested the Americans would soonannounce more details asits Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity evolves.

Thatmultilateraldialoguewith 13trading partnersdidn't at least at first include Canada or Mexico, causing some to wonder why North American trading partners were left out of theconversations about regulatory harmonization and more integrated supply chains.

Dadethinks the Americans may be reconsidering.

"They need wins. They need to keep the momentum going. Canada is there, like the little kid in junior high school who wants to sit at the cool kids' lunch table finally being allowed in. And Mexico was also miffed that they weren't included," he said.

On the other hand, Canada and Mexico would like to keep theprivilegedU.S. market access they enjoy to themselves. Neither Canada nor Mexico iskeen on the request last month from Costa Rica to pursue membership in the North American trade agreement.

"The Three Amigos club suddenly becomes three amigos again when you talk about letting the Ticos [Costa Ricans]or others into NAFTA," he said.

Trudeau's challenge: gettingattention?

Louise Blais, a former Canadian diplomat who now works with the Business Council of Canada, noted during a separatemediabriefing on Friday that Biden's summit appearance isslotted between hisfirst visit to the Mexican border this weekend, to amplify his administration's latest pushto manage migration, and key talks in Washington on Wednesday with Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida, asU.S.-Indo-Pacific (read: China) priorities evolve.

"The goal for Canada is probably to carve out some attention and space at this summit," Blaissaid. Among Canada's priorities, Blais said she was "hopeful" about the resolution ofongoing energy disputes with Mexico.

In Friday'sWhite House briefing previewing summit priorities, Mexico came upfar more often than Canada.

John Kirby, the National Security Council co-ordinator for strategic communications, was asked whether Mexico's recent discriminationagainst foreign investors in its energy sector could be escalated or resolved in this week's talks. He said he didn't want to get ahead of Biden, but"clearly trade issues will be on the agenda."

In an interview with Reuters on Friday, Trudeau said he "absolutely" hoped to make progress towardresolving thisenergy issue. While nationalizing Mexico's energygrid remainsa priorityfor Lpez Obrador,the country may need foreign capital, particularly to shift to cleaner technologies and meet some of the Mexican administration's climate objectives.

Ifthe Mexican president doesn't relent, Canada could join the U.S. in requesting a panel investigation under thedispute resolution process of the revised NAFTA, knownin Canada as CUSMA.

That would add another file to a pile that already includes17 other disputes initiated overthe last two yearsbetween the three partners, as the revised agreement covers thornierground excluded from the original NAFTA, like dairy trade and labour rights.

In other respects, thetrilateral talks may not amount tomuch of a trade summit, despite economic integrationbeing an obvious shared interest. The list of participants doesn't include Biden's trade representative, although Canada and Mexico's trade ministers will be there, along with the foreign ministers of all three countries, who are holding their own talks.

The list of summit priorities released by the Mexican foreign office talks about "diversity, equity and inclusion, the environment, competitiveness with the rest of the world, migration and development, health and shared security."

Dade believes the"equity and inclusion" agenda will include creating opportunities forIndigenous people.

"That's a fraught issue in each country, for different reasons: different histories, different approaches. But each government has had a new commitment to seriously address these issues," he said.

Autos report held back

One sign that the leaders may not want to talk much about trade disputes:a much-anticipated report bya panelon how North American content is calculated in the automotive sector was notreleased in advance of the summit, despite all three countries having had it since Dec. 28.

In some loose talk reported last month, Mexican officials revealed that the U.S. argument in favour of a more stringent definition had failed to persuade the panel. But its exact reasoning is not yet public, offeringthe leaders an easy way to dodgeany questionsabout it this week.

"With a summit like this, what you want is harmonyand good feelings... you want friendly photos of the leaders shaking hands. You don't necessarily want conflict," trade lawyer Porges said.

Automotive companies in all three countries will be pleased by this panel report, because they wantgreater flexibility for their supply chains as they compete globally, she said.

In other words: what may appear to be a political loss for the Biden administration could help keep costs down inthe sector overall, and that's a win for consumers.

Canada and Mexico find common ground whentrying to constrain American protectionism in the automotive industry.Both would rather partner than compete with the U.S. Treasury as it offerssubsidies and rebatesfor cleaner technologies.

ButDade isn't sure Canada's interests fully align with Mexico's both countriesare also competingfor new investment in electric vehicles and critical minerals, for example.

"Do we have solidarity?" asked Dade rhetorically."And if you're Trudeau, can you trust[Lpez Obrador]?"