Arctic and Antarctic sea ice reach record lows

Sea ice off Antarctica and in the Arctic is at record lows for this time of year after declining by twice the size of Alaska in a sign of rising global temperatures, climate scientists say.

Against a trend of global warming and a steady retreat of ice at earth's northern tip, ice floating on the Southern Ocean off Antarctica has tended to expand in recent years.

But now it is shrinking at both ends of the planet, a development alarming scientists and to which a build-up of man-made greenhouse gases, an ElNinoweather event that this year unlocked heat from the Pacific Ocean and freak natural swings may all be contributing.

• Warmer Arctic Ocean temperatures delay sea ice formation
• Polar bears forced to swim long distances as Arctic ice melts

"There are some really crazy things going on," said Mark Serreze, director of the U.S. National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) in Boulder, Colorado, saying temperatures in parts of the Arctic were 20 degrees Celsius above normal some days in November.

Worldwide, this year is on track to be the warmest on record.

Combined, the extent of polar sea ice on Dec. 4 was about 3.84 million square kilometers below the 1981-2010 average, according to NSIDC satellite measurements. That is roughly the size of India.

Antarctica's expanding sea ice in many recent years has been a big theme for those who doubt global warming is man-made.

John Turner of the British Antarctic Survey said chilly westerly winds that sweep around the continent, perhaps insulating it from the effects of global warming, were the weakest for November in two decades. That may have let more heat seep south, he said.

A recovery of the high-altitude ozone layer over Antarctica, which led to cooler air over the continent when it was damaged by now-banned industrial chemicals, may also be a factor.

But Turner said it was hard to pinpoint exactly what was happening.

"When we began getting satellite data from 1979 the sea ice started to decrease. Everyone said it was global warming but then it started to increase again," he said.

Radically different

Accepting mainstream scientific findings and responding to increases in floods and heat waves and rising sea levels, almost 200 governments last year agreed to phase out fossil fuels this century and limit the global temperature rise above pre-industrial levels to less than 2 C.

U.S. President-elect Donald Trump, who has called man-made climate change a hoax, has threatened to pull out of that agreement, reached in Paris in December. Last month, however, he also said he had an "open mind."

The polar regions are radically different from each other because the Arctic is an ocean ringed by land and Antarctica is a vast land mass surrounded by water.

Ice around Antarctica, retreating with a summer thaw, is the smallest for early December at 11.22 million square kilometres, beating a record from 1982, NSIDC data show.

Arctic sea ice, expanding in winter, is at a record low of 10.25 million square kilometres, below a 2006 record.

Anders Levermann, a professor at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, said the low polar sea ice pointed to man-made warming. "It's an extraordinary departure from the norm," he said.

Serreze at the NSIDC said the twin record lows might be "blind dumb chance."But the worry was that "Antarctica is the sleeping elephant that is beginning to stir."

Scientists say Antarctica's glaciers could slip more quickly into the ocean, speeding up the pace of sea level rise, if there is less ice floating on the sea to pin them back.