'Cutting the heck' out of Canada's boreal forest has put caribou at risk

Canada is home to the largest boreal forest in the world, a vast expanse of wilderness rich in biodiversity that stretches from coast to coast.

But a major new study examining nearly a half century of logging in Ontario and Quebec warns that clear-cutting has left forests in the provincesseverely depleted and puts woodland caribou at risk.

The peer-reviewed research, published in the academic journal Land, found that logging practices between 1976 and 2020 haveresulted in the loss of more than 14 million hectares of forest, an area roughly twice the size of New Brunswick.

There areonly21 million hectares of older forest(defined as forests 100 years or older) remaining in the region.

"We have been cutting the heck out of the boreal forest," said Jay Malcolm, a professor emeritus offorestry atthe University of Toronto, and one of the authors of the study, conducted by researchers in Canada and Australia.

The researchers calculated that older forests makeup only 42 per cent of the forest area, and most of the remaining older forest is in the remote north.

"It's very frightening. It was startling to see how little is left and how badly fragmented it is," said Malcolm.

WATCH | Why clear-cutting puts caribou at risk:

Clear cutting threatens woodland caribou, scientists warn

8 months ago

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Extensive boreal forest logging is putting increased pressure on already threatened woodland caribou. Much of the 14 million acres logged in Ontario and Quebec are old-growth forests the dwindling population needs to survive.

Caribou herds under threat

Using satellite imagery and government data, the study found that only eight patches of older forestgreater than 500 square kilometres are still intact in Ontario and Quebec.

The patchwork of remaining olderforests threatens the survival of woodland caribou, which require large areas of undisturbed habitat for their survival.

Nearly all remaining caribou herds in Ontario and Quebec 19 of 21 are considered at "high risk" or "very high risk" because of disturbances to their habitat.

Environmental groups have been calling for more stringent measures to protect the dwindling caribou population.

"This paper shows that our logging practices are not, in fact, sustainable," said Rachel Plotkin, boreal project manager with the David Suzuki Foundation.

"What caribou need is to have the habitat that they depend upon protected and where it's already been degraded, to have it restored."

Caribou feed on lichen, which grow on the floor of older forests. Plotkin said the disappearance of those feeding grounds andan expanding network of logging roads that make it easier for predators like wolves to track caribou havecontributed to their decline.

According to Plotkin,the federal government hasn't done enough to manage the problem.

"Even if only one per cent of a forest is cut annually, Canada will say, 'Don't worry, we're unlocking one per cent of our forest every year.'But in 100 years the entire forest is going to be logged," she said, while notingthere would be instances where some trees would be left standing.

Forestsplanted after logging aremore limited in the variety of species they contain and don't have the attributesthat favourcaribou,like a floor rich in lichen, she said.

"We're not managing our forests so that they have old growth, and the roads that are used by forestry operations will be the lasting legacy that impact wildlife species like caribou."

In a statement, Natural Resources Canada said it is "committed to the protection" of at-risk species, including caribou.

"The government continues to work with provinces, territories, Indigenous peoplesand stakeholders," the statement said.

Quebec plan coming

Logging practices fall under provincial jurisdiction, butprovinces must comply with federal environmental regulations.

Environment Minister Steven Guilbeault has been critical of Ontario and Quebec for not doing enough to protect caribou habitat. He has threatened to use the SpeciesAtRisk Act, which includes a seldom-used provision that allows Ottawato impose stricter rules on provinces.

Amlie Moffet, a spokesperson for Quebec's environment minister, told CBC News a caribou protection plan is coming soon, with the goal of reducing human disturbance on herds.

In Ontario, forestry companies are required to demonstrate that their operations will not adversely affect the amount and arrangement of caribou habitat over a long period of time, saidMarcela Mayo, a spokesperson for Ontario's Ministry of Natural Resources.

"Forest management activities are required to follow a comprehensive forest management plan."

'The most magical animal'

Valrie Courtois, executive director of the Indigenous Leadership Initiative, a national conservation and stewardship organization, questioned whether the current management practices are enough.

"We have a tendency as a Western culture to want to maximize our economic opportunities when we engage with natural resources," she said.

"What we're seeing with caribou is an early warning sign, and it behooves us to listen to that warning sign because the reality is that this will happen to other species."

Courtois is a member of the Innu community of Mashteuiatsh, located on the shore of Peikuakami, or Lac-St-Jean, Que., about 200 kilometres north of Quebec City. Shehas seen the George River caribouherd, which roams between eastern Quebec and Labrador, up close.

"They're beautiful," she said of caribou."It'snot an accident that it's featured on our quarter. I think caribou is the most majestic, the most magical animal I know."