Abu Sayyaf has 25-year record of kidnappings and bombings

Abu Sayyaf is a militant group whose leadership swore allegiance to the Islamic State in 2014.

Ostensibly its mandate is to establish an Islamic state and Shariah lawin thesouthern Philippines areas of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago. Since its inception, the group has carried out a campaign of kidnappings, bombings and extortion as well as conflict with the Filipino military.

Four hostages, including two Canadians, were kidnapped last September and held by the Abu Sayyaf militants. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau confirmed the killing of one of the hostages former Calgarian John Ridsdel on Monday.

Kidnapping on the rise

While Abu Sayyaf has used kidnapping for ransomto fund its activities for years,there also has been a dramatic increase in kidnappings worldwide by terrorist groups, with more than 1,000 people taken in 2015, a 29 per cent increase from the year before, saidWilliamBraniff,executive director ofthe National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, a research group at the University of Maryland.

That figure includes the hostage-taking at the Bataclan club during the Paris attacks in December, as well as the Boko Haram kidnappings, in which many people are taken at once.

"It's a different form of creating a drama that captures media attention and holds it," said Braniff.

"They have a need for violent spectacle to attract the world's attention."

Canada, the U.S., Britain, Australian and the Philippines, among many countries, consider Abu Sayyaf to be a terrorist group.

Public Safety Canada says the group was formed in the 1990s and has had links to al-Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiyah.

• John Ridsdel killed in Philippines after being held hostage, Trudeau confirms
• Kidnapping of 2 Canadians and 2 others in Philippines just the latest in string of abductions

Other names it has been known by, according to Canadian authorities, include:

• Al Harakat Al Islamiyya (AHAI).
• Al Harakat-ul Al Islamiyya.
• Al-Harakatul-Islamia.
• Al Harakat Al Aslamiya.
• Abou Sayaf Armed Band (ASAB).
• Mujahideen Commando Freedom Fighters.

Australian security documents about the group sayit is not cohesive, but a network of cells that carry out their own operations.

Its original leader, Abdurajik Abubakar Janjalani, a Filipino national who studied in Libya and Saudi Arabia, was killed in a gun battle with police in 1998. From the beginning, Abu Sayyafcarried out a campaign of bombings, mainly targeting Filipino nationals and the military.

Next to lead the group was Khaddafy Janjalani, a former member of the Moro National Liberation Front, an earlier separatist group, who had been trained in the Middle East. He was killed in 2006, but since then the leadership of the organization has been scattered, according to the Australians.

Connection to Islamic State

In July 2014, a video was posted online of Abu Sayyaf leader Isnilon Hapilon along with other masked men pledging allegiance to the caliph of anIslamic State.

"We pledge to obey him on anything which our hearts desire or not and to value him more than anyone else. We will not take any emir [leader] other than him unless we see in him any obvious act of disbelief that could be questioned by Allah in the hereafter," they say on the video.

Braniffbelieves the connection to the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)is a case ofopportunism, rather than ideologically motivated.

While earlier leaders of Abu Sayyaf may have trained in Afghanistan, the current leadership is moreinterested in the kind of media exposure that a connection with IS can give the group, he told CBC News.

"What's happening is Islamic State [ISIS] is happily disseminating propaganda to celebrate the actions of the Abu Sayyef group," he said. "Islamic State has a great propaganda arm."

Abu Sayyafclaimed responsibility for the biggest act of terrorism in the history of the Philippines, planting a bomb on a passenger ferry in February 2004 and sinking the vessel, killing more than 100 people.

Long history of kidnappings

Much of the violence by Abu Sayyaf has involved bombings and shootouts with Filipino military. It also sought to undermine peace talks between the government and the Moro separatist movements.

The groupraises money to fund its operations through kidnappings and extortion. Copying al-Qaeda and JemaahIslamiyah, Abu Sayyaf often threatened to behead hostages if a ransom was not paid.

Among the group's recent actions:

• December 2011 Australian national Warren Richard Rodwell was abducted from his residence in Ipil, Mindanao and held for ransom until 2013.
• February 2012 a Swiss national and a Dutch national were kidnapped near the Tawi-Tawi islands.
• July 2014 the group killed at least 21 Muslims celebrating the end of Ramadan on the island of Jolo, reportedly in retaliation for their support of a peace process with the Filipino government.
• April2014 Kidnapped two Germans from their yacht off the western province of Palawanand threatened to kill them if a ransom was not paid. They were held for six months.
• May 2015 A coast guard boat and crew were kidnapped and the captain was found beheaded.
• November 2015 Abu Sayyaf beheadedBernard Then, a Malaysian businessmankidnapped from a seafood restaurant inside Malaysia.

About 90 per cent of the population of the Philippines is Christian and most Filipinos condemn the group. But it has a network of supporters among extended families in Mindanao's Jolo and Basilan regions, according a Stanford University study of the group.

The U.S. military's anti-terrorism task force in the southern Philippines was deactivated in February 2015 after 13 years, but U.S. forces continue to provide intelligence and training to Filipino troops in the south.

The U.S. now is engaged in "capacity building at various levels," in the Philippines, Braniff said.