Mueller's Russia investigation shows it pays to co-operate

George Papadopoulos, taken by surprise by FBI agents at an airport last summer, now tweets smiling beach selfies.

Rick Gates, for weeks on home confinement with electronic monitoring, gets rapid approval for a family vacation and shaves down his potential prison time.

Michael Flynn, once the target of a grand jury investigation, flies cross country to stump for a California congressional candidate and books a speaking event in New York.

The message is unmistakable: It pays to co-operate with the government.

That's an age-old truism in any criminal investigation, but it's especially notable in a case as pressing and high profile as special counsel Robert Mueller's Russia probe, where deals afforded to co-operators have raised speculation about incriminating information they're providing.

The perks of co-operation have manifested themselves in freer travel, lenient punishment prospects and even public comments by defendants that might have been unthinkable months ago.

They form a counterpoint to the experiences of Paul Manafort, the former Trump campaign chairman who has refused to co-operate and faces decades in prison, and send a message to others entangled in the Mueller probe that they too could receive favourable treatment if they agree to work with investigators.

"There's no question that it's in the government's interest to take what steps they can to show that co-operating is in the interest of the defendant," said Daniel Petalas, a former federal prosecutor. "A basic principle of plea bargaining is that you have to make it worth it to the defendant to admit liability in a criminal matter."

The latest example came Tuesday when Dutch lawyer Alex van der Zwaan was sentenced to 30 days in prison for lying to the FBI.

Though his plea deal didn't explicitly require co-operation, the charge he pleaded guilty to carries a maximum five-year sentence, and it's likely the lawyer, whose wife is pregnant in London, risked a longer punishment if convicted at trial. U.S. District Judge Amy Berman Jackson said some incarceration was necessary to deter others from lying to investigators.

Criminal convictions

To be sure, defendants who admit guilt are stained with criminal convictions, forego liberties including the right to vote, put their jobs and reputation at risk and can still wind up with tough sentences.

In the case of Flynn, Trump's formernational security adviser,hepleaded guilty late last year to making false statements to the FBIabout his conversations with then Russian ambassador Sergey Kislyak during the transition period before Trump's inauguration.Court documents also show Flynn told prosecutors that a senior member of the Trump transition team knew about his contact with Russian officials in December 2016.

Given that uncertainty and stress of such guilty pleas, it's common practice for prosecutors looking to induce co-operation to make concessions, such as dismissing charges or agreeing to recommend a lighter sentence, especially for someone they think can help them build a case against a higher-value target.

"There is a societal interest, frankly, in having people co-operate with prosecutors because often the government only can know what's happened based on documentary evidence and witnesses that it speaks with," said Sharon McCarthy, a former federal prosecutor in New York. "But insiders who can give insight into conversations and planning and things like that are crucial to being able to make cases."

There's nothing new about cutting deals, including for violent mobsters, but the tactics have drawn renewed scrutiny especially in conservative legal circles.

Former Manhattan federal prosecutor Andrew McCarthy wrote last month in the National Review that Mueller was breaching Justice Department protocols by offering Gates, Manafort's co-defendant and a key Trump campaign aide, a "penny-ante plea deal" instead of requiring him to plead to the most serious charges he faced.

Gates was initially charged in October in a 12-count indictment and faced well over a decade in prison, butpleaded guilty in February to just two charges and now faces fewer than six years or less, depending on the extent of his co-operation. He spent months on home confinement as a potential flight risk, repeatedly requesting and generally receiving permission to attend children's sporting events and Christmas parties in the area.

The home confinement condition was lifted in January, and days after his plea, he received a judge's permission and the government's blessing to ditch the electronic monitoring and to travel freely between his Virginia home and Washington. He also got approval for a family trip to Boston for spring break, though that plan was aborted after he said threatening comments were posted online.

"Everybody who practises in Federal Court knows you're going to get more leeway from prosecutors on bail if your client is co-operating," said Samuel Buell, a Duke University law professor.

Resurfacing on Twitter

Meanwhile, Papadopoulos's carefree tweets, including smiling snapshots of his wife on his lap and beside him at the beach, are a far cry from the frowning mug shot taken after his arrest at Dulles Airport last summer. Accused of lying to the FBI, and facing the possibility of a years-long sentence, theformer member of the foreign policy advisory panel toTrump's 2016 presidential campaign pleaded guilty in a secret court hearing and agreed to co-operate. Since then, he hasresurfaced with a Twitter profile of more than 7,300 followers.

Mueller's team includes lawyers with deep experience in organized crime and financial fraud cases, which frequently require flipping witnesses and sometimes involve aggressive manoeuvring.

Andrew Weissmann, one of the Gates prosecutors, for instance, in 2003 indicted the wife of Enron's chief financial officer, Andrew Fastow. The move was interpreted by some as designed in part to encourage Fastow himself to plead guilty and co-operate, which he ultimately did by testifying against high-level colleagues.

Still, prosecutors understand that juries may look askance at sweetheart plea deals, especially with those who havebeen publicly demonized, and that defence lawyers may subject co-operators to bruising cross-examinations.

"Prosecutors are going to be cognizant that there are always going to be credibility issues with co-operators," said former prosecutor Peter Zeidenberg, "but these are very experienced prosecutors and they're making a decision that, on balance, they're getting something in return."