Donald Trump has no greater enemy than the United States federal bureaucracy what he calls the deep state. And he has a plan to bend it to his will if hes elected in November.

The plan, to create something called Schedule F, would make tens of thousands of civil servants easier to fire, fundamentally changing the nature of the federal government and, some worry, paving the way for authoritarianism.

Schedule F is a new category, or schedule, of federal workers who are exempt from codified job protections, like being hired and fired based on merit and having the ability to appeal disciplinary action.

The majority of federal civil service employees, from climate scientists to bank examiners to IT specialists, are covered by these protections; some positions, like postal workers and intelligence officers, are currently exempt. That system ensures that experience and skill, rather than political favoritism or personal connections, guide hiring and firing decisions within the federal government.

But conservatives have long complained that the president should exercise more control over the federal bureaucracy, and Trump in particular has said it needs to be brought to heel.

Trump created Schedule F in an October 2020 executive order . Under that order, federal workers involved in confidential, policy-determining, policy-making and policy-advocating positions a vague description that would include at least tens of thousands of people would be stripped of their civil service protections and reclassified as at-will appointees, meaning they could be hired or fired for any reason, or none at all.

Because the order came so late in Trumps presidency, only a handful of agencies created lists of specific jobs that would be eligible for conversion to Schedule F. And President Joe Biden reversed the order before any jobs could actually be converted.

But Trump has explicitly said hell pursue Schedule F again if hes elected. In a campaign video last year, Trump referred to Schedule F as an effort to remove rogue bureaucrats.

I will wield that power very aggressively, he said.

Federal employees, political scientists, union leaders and watchdog groups told HuffPost that Schedule F could lead to a chilling effect. At-will employment, they said, would make it harder for government workers to raise concerns that go against their bosses political loyalties. That could lead to a degradation of public services like disaster relief, financial regulation and the administration of government benefits.

You can see where it can grind work to a halt, because even people who are trying to do the right thing [would] be afraid that if they do something wrong, theyll be out of a job, said Joe Spielberger, a policy counsel at the Project on Government Oversight who has raised alarms over how the implementation of Schedule F would harm key welfare programs like Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid.

Schedule F would be the fundamental element of an authoritarian agenda, he said, allowing Trump to take control of the vast federal bureaucracy and reverse generations of reforms.

Donald Moynihan, a professor of public policy at Georgetown University, signed on to an open letter in April arguing Schedule F would open the door to politicization and patronage throughout the federal workforce. He told HuffPost, This feels like the biggest problem that the fewest people understand about a potential second Trump administration.

In the hands of a president who is not committed to democratic norms, taking control of the bureaucracy is a tried and tested way to work toward authoritarian government.

The Lightbulb Moment

The push for Schedule F started with what one Trump staffer called a lightbulb moment. In 2019, James Sherk, a top White House adviser on civil service and labor policy, was frustrated by reports of federal workers pushing back against the Trump policy agenda. He started reading through existing U.S. law on federal labor rights, and realized that the language about exceptions from civil service protections could actually be interpreted quite broadly.

Such a change in interpretation would be a break from decades of precedent. Presidents only bring around 4,000 political appointees with them at the start of a new term, and many additionally require Senate confirmation. These appointees are generally classified as excepted they arent required to complete standardized competitive civil service exams, but they also arent afforded standard civil service protections. (The excepted portion of the federal workforce includes more than a million federal workers under various schedules , though the vast majority of them come from the United States Postal Service, the military, and Department of Veterans affairs.)

But Sherk argued that the excepted service should grow much larger, to include the most important federal workers the people who are telling all the rest of the bureaucracy what to do, he said in a 2022 interview. In his view, the change would make the federal government more accountable to the White House, and therefore, the American people.

Nothing in [federal law ] says that you can only take away the civil service protections of political appointees, Sherk said.

Sherk estimated that Schedule F would have applied to 1% to 3% of the federal workforce, or about 50,000 workers, had Biden not unwound it. But the number actually affected if Trump pursues Schedule F again could be much larger. A Government Accountability Office review of the few agencies that did start making Schedule F conversion lists found that agencies thought anywhere from 2% to 68% of their employees were eligible to be rescheduled.

The agency that found over two-thirds of its workers could be reclassified was the very policy-focused Office of Management and Budget. The Office of Personnel Management the executive branchs human resources office, and the office that would be responsible for actually overseeing the reclassification of workers under Schedule F had approved the reclassification of OMB jobs ranging from IT specialists and office managers to attorneys, policy analysts and economists, according to government records obtained by the National Treasury Employees Union and the watchdog group American Oversight.

But the documents provide just a glimpse at the changes Schedule F could bring.

We dont know yet what we dont know, which is why were going to court, said Ron Fein, chief counsel for American Oversight, which has sued the Biden administration to release more records related to Schedule F. The group shared records it obtained with HuffPost, and NTEU has released similar documents publicly .

Last year, Republicans in both the House and Senate introduced legislation to make every executive branch employee at-will. And multiple former Republican presidential candidates expressed support for Schedule F, including Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis , who as a presidential candidate said of the so-called deep state, Were going to start slitting throats on day one.

Project 2025, the 900-page right-wing agenda-in-waiting for Trump cooked up by the Heritage Foundation and dozens of other arch-conservative organizations, refers to plans to reintroduce Schedule F in several sections. And one member of the projects three-person leadership team is Paul Dans, the former chief of staff at the OPM during the Trump administration.

The Project 2025 team has signaled that potential staffers in a second Trump White House would need to be on board: A questionnaire for potential new hires in a Trump administration asks applicants if they agree that the President should be able to advance his/her agenda through the bureaucracy without hinderance from unelected federal officials.

Neither Sherk nor representatives for Project 2025 responded to HuffPosts requests for comment. And Trumps campaign said in an all-purpose statement to HuffPost, unless a message is coming directly from President Trump or an authorized member of his campaign team, no aspect of future presidential staffing or policy announcements should be deemed official.

Wearing The Wrong Hat

For civil servants, the prospect of being rescheduled to Schedule F raises concerns about political pressure and interference and frustration at yet another distraction keeping them from their work.

The only person Im loyal to is the American public, the American depositor, and the safety of our system, said Vivian Hwa, a senior economist at the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, where she helps ensure banks complex financial models comply with the law. Hwa is also the union president for Washington, D.C.-based FDIC employees.

We shouldnt have to worry about other things, like, I might be fired if I say the wrong thing to the wrong person, or, I now have to compete with that guy for my job because that guy happens to wear a red hat or a blue hat, Hwa said.

Hwa doesnt touch policy, she told HuffPost, but her team does a lot of analytical work that could inform policy.

Hwa said being rescheduled could make her colleagues feel pressure to politicize their work, or else fear being replaced by someone more politically aligned with higher-ups. Had Schedule F been in place in 2007, she said, she may have reconsidered her decision to enter the civil service.

If I had known that signing up for a government job meant that you have to lean left or lean right depending on whos in the office, I think that would change the calculus a little bit, knowing that you dont have that job security, she said.

As a risk analyst at the Commodities Futures Trading Commission, Malcolm Alexander-Neal assesses clearinghouses to make sure they comply with financial regulations. Like Hwa, his job isnt political, but he sees that it could be considered related to policy-making and that the prospect of being stripped of civil service protections felt dangerous and counterproductive.

Taxpayers should understand, that would be disruptive to the work I do, he said.

Alexander-Neal, who is president of the union for CFTC employees, stressed that there already are safeguards in place to make sure federal workers keep taxpayers best interests in mind and report up the chain of command to political appointees. Injecting politics at the level of financial examiners could lead to a huge increase in turnover and a loss of institutional knowledge, he said, as well as deal a severe blow to morale and recruitment.

There would be a huge perception of more politicization, and an erosion of public trust, Alexander-Neal said. If Schedule F had been around at the start of his government career, he added, I wouldnt have been as interested.

The Civil Service Atom Bomb

Sherk has answered criticisms about Schedule F politicizing the civil service by saying political discrimination is forbidden under the executive order.

Schedule F expressly forbids hiring or firing based on political loyalty, he told The New York Times last year.

The Trump-era executive order noted that existing law forbidding disciplinary action on the basis of various factors, like race or political affiliation, would still be applicable under Schedule F.

Moynihan, the public policy professor, is skeptical. He compared Sherk to Robert Oppenheimer, and Schedule F to a civil service atom bomb.

Sherk is not going to determine how the tool will be used, Moynihan said. And the people in Trump world who will actually be in charge, the chief of staff and Cabinet-type positions, now have that tool, and theyre going to use it for their purposes.

As Dans, likely a key player in the implementation of any Trump agenda, told Spectrum News last month: There is a league of folks within the government that is highly partisan and really working against democracy, and they need to be excised from the government properly.

Trump has repeatedly voiced even more politically charged rhetoric. He recently reposted a speech excerpt in which he promised to demolish the deep state, drive out the globalists, and liberate America from these villains once and for all.

As Steven Wasserman, a veteran federal prosecutor, told HuffPost, rhetoric about the deep state raises concerns that Trump could attempt to undermine the civil service protections that prevent the government from being used for political revenge.

Wasserman spoke to HuffPost in his capacity as president of the National Association of Assistant United States Attorneys, a role in which he represents about 1,000 dues-paying federal prosecutors on issues they care about which have recently come to include civil service protections . He said he worries that Schedule F could be used to exert political pressure on civil servants decision-making, including at the Justice Department .

Thats the concern, when taken to its logical extreme that the government is used to favor certain people and disfavor other people, he told HuffPost last week.

Thats kind of classic authoritarianism, and not something you see in a representative democracy, Wasserman added. Theres a number of steps that need to occur before you slide in that direction but once you strip away those protections, and you allow political pressure and influence to permeate and impact decision-making, it becomes a slippery slope.

The first Trump administration had a record of targeting the civil service over its perceived politics.

In 2019, the Department of Agriculture announced that two of its research and grant-writing offices the Economic Research Service and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture would be moved from Washington, D.C., to Kansas City. Hundreds of researchers, economists and other experts were given just days to decide whether they wanted to pick up their families lives and cross the country or lose their jobs . Many went with the latter option. The workforce at the new locations was less experienced, and NIFA in particular lost a significant number of Black employees, the GAO found .

In a speech to a Republican fundraiser during the upheaval, then-White House chief of staff Mick Mulvaney bragged that although its nearly impossible to fire a federal worker, more than half of the affected workers had decided to quit or retire as a result of the relocation.

By simply saying to people, You know what, were going to take you outside the bubble, outside the Beltway, outside this liberal haven of Washington, D.C., and move you out into the real part of the country, and they quit, Mulvaney said. What a wonderful way to streamline government and do what we havent been able to do for a long time!

That same year, the headquarters and D.C.-based staff for the Bureau of Land Management were similarly ordered to move to Grand Junction, Colorado. In that case, nearly 90% of affected workers decided not to move and instead resigned or retired . The move cut the number of Black employees at the agency headquarters by more than half, a GAO investigation found .

Within a couple of years, after Biden had taken office, Interior Secretary Deb Haaland announced the BLM would move back to D.C., and acknowledged that the relocation under Trump had led to a significant loss of institutional memory and talent.

Biden signaled in the first days of his presidency that he recognized federal workers concerns about Schedule F.

In his first week in office, he issued his own executive order rescinding the Trump order establishing Schedule F, and in April of this year, OPM finished a lengthy rule-making project putting up roadblocks against future efforts to gut the bureaucracy. OPMs rule stated that civil service protections cannot be taken away by an involuntary move and specified that existing law about civil service protections for civil servants engaged in policy-making apply to noncareer, political appointments.

Still, both sides have acknowledged that this new OPM rule could just as easily be undone by another rule, should any president decide to pursue Schedule F in the future. There have been various congressional efforts to codify civil service protections against Schedule F, but they havent made it to Bidens desk.

Hwa, the FDIC senior economist, said the prospect of Schedule F returning is scary not just for her and her colleagues, but for the proper functioning of her agency and the American regulatory state. Its one thing to lose a job, she said, but its another altogether for whole agencies to slide downhill.

Agencies that have a mission thats broader than the political whim of the day protecting the environment, or our financial system, or consumers, or the Census should be disconnected and independent of any political influence, she said. Its not some weird deep state conspiracy. These are people just doing their jobs, doing them neutrally and serving the public.