For decades, the cavernous upstairs dining room at Jing Fong has been an institution in Manhattans Chinatown. On weekend mornings, its typically packed with customers, a symphony of lively chatter, the clatter of dishes, and the squeaky wheels of dim sum carts rolling from table to table. Families have rented the room for birthdays, graduations, holidays and wedding receptions. On March 7, it served dim sum for one final time, joining a long list of Chinatown businesses to shutter during the COVID-19 pandemic.

As of March, at least 17 restaurants and 139 ground-floor stores in Chinatown have permanently closed since the pandemic began, according to the Chinatown Partnership Local Development Corporation. Jing Fongs other location on the Upper West Side will remain open, and the Chinatown storefront continues to serve takeout and delivery while the owners hope to find a new location. Meanwhile, Jing Fongs workers, the only unionized restaurant workers in Chinatown , have proposed a worker-owned alternative that could operate in the same space. Whatever happens, its still an unspeakably difficult loss and a bleak sign of Chinatowns precarious future.

In a cruel coincidence, Jing Fong was where I had my last in-person restaurant meal before the pandemic almost exactly a year earlier, on March 8, 2020, the Sunday before everything shut down in New York. Already, businesses in Chinatown had been struggling, part of a trend in Asian American communities and cultural hubs across the country . Since that January, when COVID-19 began spreading in Asia, Asian-owned businesses started to experience a precipitous drop in revenue and patronage, as customers racist and xenophobic fears kept them away.

Vic Lee, co-founder of Welcome to Chinatown , remembers that time too, when everything began to feel increasingly unstable.

I remember last Lunar New Year. Lunar New Year is such a festive, busy time, if not the busiest for Chinatown. And it just felt off, she said. There were a lot fewer people. The celebrations didnt feel as big and hearty.

Throughout early 2020, she noticed bars and restaurants that would normally be packed on a typical evening looked a lot emptier. By March, when New York became one of the epicenters of the pandemic, she knew things would get even more dire, so she and her friend Jen Tam co-founded Welcome to Chinatown, a nonprofit, volunteer-led effort to help the neighborhoods small businesses.

The groups initial focus was to provide temporary support, raising money to keep businesses afloat and coordinating with restaurants to distribute meals to essential workers. In the year since, Welcome to Chinatown has expanded into more longer-term projects , mounting more ambitious fundraising efforts through events and merchandise, launching a grant program for small businesses, and establishing partnerships with other community organizations. It also uses storytelling and art to spotlight business owners on social media. And it helps Chinatowns residents many of whom are older and not native English speakers with various needs, from making sure they got counted in last years census , to assisting them with getting scheduled for COVID-19 vaccine appointments .

A native New Yorker, Lee grew up in Brooklyn, but spent most weekends of her childhood visiting her grandmother in Manhattans Chinatown, which became a formative part of her life.

We would have Sunday dinners. It just became like a whole outing: We would drive, we would do our grocery shopping, my grandma would take me to the park, Lee said. We would rent videos from Hong Kong and take them home to watch.

As an adult, Lee now lives in Chinatown herself. While times have changed, small businesses have always formed the heart of the neighborhood, she said.

When we think of communities and ethnic enclaves like Chinatown, they represent the identity, and theyre what makes the community so vibrant and rich, Lee said. Theyre also a lifeline, too, for many of the residents that depend on business owners who can speak their language. Or, in particular for Chinatown, which has a large population living in poverty and a large senior population, they need culturally relevant, affordable items.

Lee noted that when small businesses close, it often leads to deeper inequities: the displacement of longtime residents and the acceleration of gentrification, with storefronts turning into big-box stores and overpriced condos.

There are also myriad challenges that are unique to Chinatowns businesses, Lee said. Theyre highly dependent on foot traffic, which all but disappeared when the pandemic shut down the city. Most Chinatown businesses tend to operate with high volume and low profit margins, she said. Many are cash-only and dont have the resources to manage an online ordering system or advertise themselves on social media. And many are family-owned and multigenerational businesses, so they often have to close if they dont have younger family members who can take the reins and modernize the business.

On top of that, there are systemic and institutional barriers, like the inequitable ways governments choose to distribute funding . Many Chinatown business owners speak limited English, so navigating processes like applying for loans and grants can be daunting. On a basic level, Lee said, government programs and institutions need to provide better language access and outreach.

In a very diverse city like New York City, at this point, to not have things that are consistently translated into different languages or having the city invest in translators from the get-go, that means that youre not providing access, she said. Then, there isnt equity, and then youre not having systemic change because those that are at the bottom are going to keep staying at the bottom, because they dont know whats available to them.

For so many marginalized communities, the pandemic has exacerbated existing inequities, and it has fallen largely to individuals and grassroots organizations like Welcome to Chinatown to attempt to fill the void left by insufficient local, state and federal intervention.

Lee said that makes her angry, but at the same time, she is heartened that so many people have stepped up, like Welcome to Chinatowns volunteer base. Many of the volunteers, like her, are second-generation Asian Americans who have felt more empowered and emboldened to speak out, take action and pay it forward.

Many of the volunteers are younger Asian Americans helping older Asian Americans, promoting intergenerational solidarity. The volunteers come from a variety of professional backgrounds marketing, communications, finance and nonprofit administration, for instance and have applied those skills to developing Welcome to Chinatowns various initiatives. For example, Lees day job is at Este Lauder, where she is the director of global travel and meetings, which involves a lot of experience in operations and logistics, and Tam is the director of communications at Foursquare.

In a typical year, Lees job involved a lot of travel. But one unexpected silver lining of the pandemic is that without travel, she has gained an even greater appreciation of Chinatown as her home.

Seeing my neighborhood at risk of loss, she said, has really galvanized her. Like, oh my gosh, I am not going to have this place where my grandmother used to take me to the park, and Im not going to be able to do this with my children in the future.

For Lee, the pandemic has been a transformative experience. Separate from her work as co-founder of Welcome to Chinatown, her activism in the last year has inspired her to run for district leader in New York Citys primaries this June.

This whole year has been just such a rediscovery of my identity, and I feel that way for many of our volunteers, she said. Im hopeful for second-generation Asian Americans like myself, that we will become more involved in our community, and hopefully more involved in local politics, because we need that representation in order to ensure that stuff like this changes.

Correction: This story has been updated to note that Dahing Florist was not a Welcome to Chinatown grant recipient, but a business that Welcome to Chinatown spotlighted.