Recycling is confusing . Can you throw a styrofoam takeout container in the bin, or should it go to a landfill? What about a pizza box? A plastic bag ? A garden hose? A staggering 92% of Americans are unsure about all this, according to a study that the Grocery Manufacturers Association published in April.

Depending on where you live, the rules around recycling can differ wildly. In some places, people are allowed to throw all their recyclables into the same bin. In other towns, they must separate paper or cardboard from cans and bottles. Requirements for plastics are particularly confounding, which partly explains why only 9% of plastics get recycled .

Just because you throw something in the bin doesnt mean it will get turned into a new product automatically. People are well-intentioned, said Pete Keller, vice president of recycling at Republic Services, one of the largest waste management companies in the United States. They confuse re-use or donation with recycle. We get lampshades or clothes they dont belong in curbside bins. But we also get diapers and half-eaten pizzas.

If you throw something into the bin that doesnt belong there, the offending items might be plucked out and sent to a landfill. But improperly recycled things often elude filters. They might mess with sorting equipment and cause delays at recycling plants, or get mixed in with the good stuff and shipped out to a new location for further processing, contaminating whole bales of otherwise valuable materials.

All this confusion has helped create a recycling crisis that came to a head in 2018. China, which for 20 years, had imported about half the worlds plastic, paper and metal for recycling, suddenly closed its doors to much of this trash as part of a crackdown on pollution. Many of the items China had been buying from abroad werent actually getting recycled: Some were too difficult and expensive to process, others were too contaminated with unwashed or non-recyclable materials to be of any value. Instead, they were sent to landfills, dumped in rivers or burned.

In the wake of Chinas ban, other Southeast Asian countries began implementing similar restrictions on imported trash. And as a result, some municipalities across the U.S. have had to scale back or cancel recycling programs .

In order to make recycling easier and more effective, governments and big businesses will have to work together to reduce the amount of trash we produce while devising more responsible ways to dispose of it.

In the meantime, there are some simple things we can do to be smarter about what we try to recycle.

1. Know what to toss in the bin ...

The best practice is to keep it simple and focus on basic items: You can probably place plastic soda bottles and aluminum cans into your recycling bin, no matter where you live. Glass bottles, paper and cardboard are also fairly safe bets, though many communities require them to be separated from other recyclables.

Plastics can be really tricky. Items that have the recycling symbol stamped on them the triangle with the number in the middle arent necessarily recyclable. In fact, recyclers dont actually want you to try to use those symbols as your guide, says Cody Marshall, a strategist at The Recycling Partnership, a nonprofit that funnels corporate money into local waste infrastructure. The number on the container is really for people to identify the type of resin it is. Thats not helpful for the common consumer, Marshall told HuffPost.

Keller agrees, noting that his company tries to use words that people actually use when talking about recyclable plastics: water bottles, milk jugs, detergent bottles, butter tubs. Rigid plastics like those tend to be recyclable.

2. ... and what not to.

Its just as important to understand what doesnt belong in your curbside collection bin. Most municipalities post their recycling rules online. You can look yours up by going to the website BeRecycled.org , which lets you enter your ZIP code and returns a list of local websites with official information. Its very handy.

Marshall said that big recycling companies all over the country struggle with the same problem items: hoses and cords, plastic bags, propane tanks, needles and clothing. These things shouldnt be mixed in with your household recycling.

Flexible, stretchy or crinkly plastics should not be put in the curbside bin either. Theyre a smaller part of the problem, but the guidelines around these items tend to be confusing.

3. Do a quick cleaning, but you dont have to go crazy.

Try to empty or scrape as much food out of containers as possible. You can even rinse them out. But you dont have to wash them thoroughly, especially if you live in a drought-prone area. Just make sure theyre relatively clean when you throw them into the bin. This is particularly important if you live in an area where your paper, plastics and cans all go in the same bin food residue or water can ruin perfectly good paper.

4. Dont bag it.

Unless you live in a place that requires you to secure your recyclables in plastic bags, keep them loose in the curbside bin. New York City residents, for example, are supposed to place their recycling in plastic bags. But many municipalities dont allow this.

A lot of the time, its not safe for our employees to rip those bags open, or it takes too much time, said Keller. A lot of bagged stuff goes right to the landfill.

5. When in doubt, throw it out.

If youre not sure whether something can be recycled, dont place it in your curbside bin. Yes, it might end up in a landfill. But thats where itd go if you tried to recycle it anyway.

Waste Management, another of the countrys biggest trash companies, spends about 140,000 hours every year cleaning plastic bags and tanglers (garden hoses, Christmas lights, chains, etc.) out of our equipment, said company spokeswoman Janette Micelli, adding, Thats time that could be spent recycling more materials. Better to err on the side of one recyclable item not getting recycled than one non-recyclable item messing it up for a whole days collection.

Not everything is made to be recycled, said Marshall, nothing that bad recycling practices also drive up the cost of recycling services.

For things youre unsure about, like batteries, lightbulbs and propane tanks, there might be a local program near you that will help you dispose of them. (Ask Google or BeRecycled.org.) Plastic bags can be returned to grocery stores in many cases.

If there are no local programs, then they go in your trash can.